[Editor’s Note: Dr. Gorski is on a brief vacation this week; in his place we offer new guest contributor Michael Booth’s inaugural post. Enjoy!]
Will this help me live longer?
The belief that positivity can prolong life or improve health seems ubiquitous. It is a claim that is repeated often in popular media, and fills countless pages of self-help books on happiness, thriving, optimism, and so on. But is there evidence to support optimism and the right attitude being positively correlated with health and longevity? Do personal beliefs actually matter in determining whether or not a chronic disease progresses or remits?
Popular generalizations
Consider this statement by Dr. Oz and Dr. Roizen in the Healthy Living section of the Huffington Post:
Having the right attitude is even more important for your body than daily sunscreen and a weekend spa getaway, every other week — yes, that important. Humor improves immune cell function, helps you ward off illness and decreases your chances of cancer — and apparently also increases your chance of living after heart disease hits. Not bad!
This latter conclusion is drawn from a study of 607 heart disease patients in Denmark that according to Dr. Oz and Dr. Roizen “found that patients whose moods were overall more positive were 58 percent more likely to live at least another five years.” Dr. Oz and Dr. Roizen continue, “the scientists can’t say for sure if positivity led to exercise or if exercise improved mood, but we say that the important message is the same either way: Positive thinking and regular physical activity are really important for life (and beauty, too).”
My father has been slowly dying of cardiomyopathy and a left bundle branch block for the last six years. Wonderful doctors have kept him alive, and I will forever feel indebted to them. Claims like the one made by Dr. Oz and Roizen are bound to catch my interest.
Looking at the study the celebrity doctors drew their rhetoric from, the researchers conclude “Patients with higher levels of positive affect were more likely to exercise and had a lower risk of dying during 5-year follow-up, with exercise mediating the relationship between positive affect and mortality.” The researchers clearly state, “Patients engaged in exercise were less likely to die during follow-up,” and “Patients with higher levels of positive affect were more likely to exercise.” Nowhere does the study show that attitude or humor “increases your chance of living after heart disease hits.” An emphasis on improving mood may help with exercising more, and exercising more may improve mood, but the critical variable for improving my father’s chances of survival according to this study, is exercise.
Many people like myself who are living with a chronic disease and a dying family member find that without an emphasis on the bright side of things, the negatives would be too overwhelming. However, I believe it is important to be careful with generalizations about positivity. As in the example above, saying that “patients whose moods were overall more positive were 58 percent more likely to live at least another five years” is a misrepresentation of the data. Used as medical advice in popular media venues, such generalizations are bound to have social and cultural repercussions.
A bit of satire, to ease the sting
About a year ago I had a relative tell me that all I have to do to rid myself of rheumatoid arthritis is have the right attitude. After the anger at the veiled accusation subsided, I couldn’t help but picture in my mind a caricature of what an optimistic visit to see my doctor would look like: As I pull up to the curb, I hop out of the car, high fiving the kind gentleman in the valet service, and skip up to the revolving doors of the University Hospital. As I walk into the lobby, I greet everyone I pass with a smile, stop to listen to the piano being played with tears of joy in my eyes, and empty my wallet into the tip jar at the coffee counter. When the receptionist greets me at Clinic 2, Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, I begin singing a song as if I were Maria in The Sound of Music, dancing around the waiting room with my arms spread wide to the sky, my head tilted back in joyous rapture:
Warnings on syringes and biologics in the kitchen
Bright copper Humira and warm swollen extensions
Brown bottles of prednisone tied up with words of caution
These are a few of my favorite things
As I finish the first verse, a woman in a wheel chair jumps up, and twirls gracefully from one end of the room to the other while singing the next:
Cream-colored splints and crisp achy mornings
Doorbells and deliveries of this week’s injections
Wild pamphlets filled with the side effects of methotrexate
These are a few of my favorite things
Curious as to the commotion in the waiting room, my doctor pokes her head out. Her eyebrows rise in wonder, and then she joins us, hopping up on the chairs to belt out a solo in her Polish accent:
Rheumatoid factor now diminished and gone
Clinical assessment tells me positivity got it done
The future is filled with all in remission
These are a few of my favorite things
Good news for grouches
Satire aside, in the July 2016 issue of Skeptical Inquirer, there is an interesting article by Psychologist Stuart Vyse entitled, “Good News For Grouches: Happiness May Be Overrated.” The discussion is centered on a similar though slightly different topic, the relationship between happiness and longevity. Vyse cites a recent analysis of the “Million Women Study,” published in December of 2015 in The Lancet, by Bette Liu of the University of New South Wales, and fellow collaborators at Oxford. At the ten-year follow up, 4% (31,531) of the 719,761 women who began the study without a life threatening disease had died. Testing the question of whether or not happiness alone was related to longevity, the researchers found that “women who reported they were happy most or all of the time were more likely to be living ten years later.” However, and here is the key point, when the experimenters add another variable, self-reported health, the effect of happiness on longevity disappears. The authors conclude:
In middle-aged women, poor health can cause unhappiness. After allowing for this association and adjusting for potential confounders, happiness and related measures of wellbeing do not appear to have any direct effect on mortality.
The directionality that poor health leads to lower levels of happiness and a shorter lifespan makes far more sense than the claim that happiness leads to better health and a longer lifespan. Positive Psychology is plagued with problems of confusing directionality, and submerged in a lack of rigorous science. Words like happiness, optimism, and wellbeing are not reliable if self-reported, and are not easily measured with psychological assessments either. An immense range of factors rapidly influence mood, and nothing about it is stable or constant. Human emotional qualities simply do not enjoy any shared and agreed upon objective quantification. Even if emotional states could be measured with precision, how can they be directly tested for their influence on longevity or health? It would be highly unethical, grotesque, and impossible to perform an experimental trial where subjects with a chronic disease were randomly assigned to two groups, one that promotes happiness and the other unhappiness, and then monitored to see who survived the longest.
Conclusion: A positive attitude is not all good
Surely the relationship between attitude and health is being purveyed in unsophisticated form. Unfortunately for those of us living with chronic diseases, such hasty generalizations can lead to a culture of positivity that has a dark undercurrent to it. It implies that those of us who suffer with poor health could either remedy our situation with a change in attitude, or have avoided it entirely had we only been happy.
One of my favorite authors of popular science, Stephen Jay Gould, was diagnosed with peritoneal mesothelioma in 1982, a deadly cancer of the abdominal lining. Shortly thereafter he wrote an essay for Discover Magazine on the statistics of disease prognosis that later became part of his book, Full House, The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin. Gould believed in the value of mental calm and tenacity in combating deadly diseases, and hoped a biochemical process of thought, emotion, and immunity would be scientifically understood. He also saw the implication of such an idea taken beyond its limitations: “…We must stand resolutely against an unintended cruelty of the ‘positive attitude’ movement—insidious slippage into rhetoric of blame for those who cannot overcome their personal despair and call up positivity from some internal depth.”
Many people who fight like hell and give it their all suffer greatly from diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and heart disease. Most die prematurely. To imply that one can will away or believe oneself out of the pain and long-term effects of a disease is a grave insult to many of us who are doing our absolute best to cope with devastating conditions. Doctors, medication, and surgery have saved my father’s life on numerous occasions, and made mine more bearable. I do not deny the potential value of mental calm and tenacity in emotionally dealing with illness, and strive to develop greater fortitude as I live with it. I have experienced how a reduction in stress can lessen the severity of some symptoms, up to a point, and I believe in maintaining gratitude and hope despite the difficulties. However, exaggerating the application of positive attitude and mental habits can lead to an “insidious slippage into rhetoric of blame,” that creates problems rather than helpful solutions. Echoing the philosopher David Hume, let us be wise, and proportion our beliefs to the evidence.
Michael Booth spent two decades in elite and professional levels of cycling, acrobatics, and stunt work prior to being diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis at the age of thirty three. Since that time he has received a Master of Science in Applied Psychology, and began teaching in the Behavioral Sciences. He is in the midst of planning future graduate training and a career in Health Psychology and Public Health.
Positive Psychology and Health Michael Booth
No comments:
Post a Comment